A small log canoe, intended to carry no more than two persons, may be carved with the same sharpness at both ends, and needs no variation in its width. It may be run either end foremost. A canoe made in this way, if narrow and very sharp, is easily one of the swiftest and most useful of the mountain man’s boats.

Both ends of a well-made canoe are curved upward from the middle of the gunwale, and the stern rises a little from the line of the bottom. When the tree is sound, a canoe may be worked very thin and thus be light and easily carried.

Keeping all of these points in mind, the canoe is hewn to something resembling its final outer shape; then the inside is dug out with axes and adze; finally it is neatly and smoothly finished—on the outside with ax and draw-shave, and on the inside with round edged adze.

BUILDING A BIRCH-BARK CANOE

Though not as durable as the dugout, nor as easily constructed, the great advantage of a bark canoe is its lightness. It is the vessel of choice on waterways where portaging is necessary. The canoe may be of any length. One of fifteen or twenty feet can easily be carried on the shoulders of two men; while a smaller one, ten or twelve feet long, is managed by one man without much difficulty.

The bark can be harvested in one of two ways; either by felling a tree onto a skid—this permits you to strip it easily and makes real sense if you intend to use the wood of the tree in your construction—or you can strip it from a standing tree.

The birch tree is selected for straightness, smoothness, freedom from knots or limbs, toughness of bark, and for size—though this is not so important—as you will likely need to piece out the sides.

Bark can be peeled when the sap is flowing or when the tree is not frozen, at any time in late spring, summer, and early fall—called summer bark—or in winter during a thaw, when the tree is not frozen and when the sap has begun to flow. Summer bark peels readily, is smooth inside, and of a yellow color, which turns reddish upon exposure to the sun. Winter bark adheres closely to the tree and often brings up part of the inner bark, which on exposure turns dark red. This rough surface ought to be moistened and scraped away.

After the bark has been peeled, the inside surface can be warmed with a torch, which softens and makes it supple. This torch may be made of a bundle of birch bark held in a split stick.

The bark is then rolled up like a carpet, with inside surface out, tightly bound and carried to your worksite. Lay it where the sunshine will not harden it. The first effect of heat is to make it pliant, but long exposure to heat or to dry atmosphere makes it hard and brittle.

The gunwales of the canoe are composed of four lengths of cedar wood, about a quarter inch thick by an inch or more in width—two for each side—one to go on the inside edge and on the outside. The width and shape of vessel is determined by the length of the cross-pieces used in separating the sides of the gunwale frame.

Lay the bark on flat ground with the weathered side up. Weigh the center down with several good-sized round stones. The part which forms the bottom of the canoe should be one whole piece. If it is not large enough, pieces are sewn onto it.

Measure out the length of the canoe and, at each end close together, drive two stakes firmly into the ground. The bark is then folded on the middle line, with inside of the bark outward, and inserted between the two stakes. The ends of the bark should extend beyond the stakes far enough to facilitate the fashioning of curved bows at each end of the canoe.

On each side drive several stakes into the ground closely corresponding to the shape of the gunwale frame and lay it atop the stakes. This will allow the edges of the bark to be brought up, folded over, and fastened with a winding stitch to the frame.

Now lash the ends of the gunwale frames together and adjust and lash the cross-pieces to the gunwale. This will largely determine the overall shape of the canoe.

Mark out the contour of the bows and cut the bark into that shape, stitch the pieces together, cover the edge with a folded strip of bark, and stitch again. Stiffen the bow by bending and wedging a three-foot long, one inch by one quarter inch, cedar lath inside the bow(s). Lash to the underside of the gunwale ends and seat it with resin or pitch.

Remove the stone weights and stiffen the bark by lining the inside with long, thin strips of cedar. They should be placed longitudinally, lap where their ends meet, and be seated with pine pitch or resin.

The knees or ribs are made of strips of ash or any wood that is firm and elastic, and should be about one quarter inch thick by two or more inches. They ride perpendicularly to the cedar lining, are bent down to the bottom, and lashed to the gunwale frame. They should be placed close together the whole length of the canoe.

Smear the inside and all the seams with pine pitch or resin.

BULL BOAT

One method of ferrying streams is by means of what the mountaineers call a bull boat, the frame-work of which is made of willows bent into the shape of a short and wide skiff, with a flat bottom.

Building a Bull Boat

Willows grow upon the banks of many streams and can be bent into the desired shape. To make a boat with one hide, a number of straight willows are cut about an inch in diameter, the ends sharpened and driven into the ground, forming a framework in the shape of a half egg-shell cut through the longitudinal axis. Where these rods cross they are firmly tied. A stout rod is then heated and bent around the frame in such a position that the edges of the hide, when laid over it and drawn tight, will just reach it. This rod forms the gunwale, which is tied to the ribs. Small rods are then wattled in so as to make it symmetrical and strong, after which the green or soaked hide is pulled over the edges, sewed to the gunwales, and left to dry. The rods are then cut off even with the gunwale, and the boat is ready for use.

To build a boat with two or more hides: a stout pole of the desired length is placed upon the ground for a keel, the ends turned up and secured by a lariat; willow rods of the required dimensions are then cut, heated, and bent into the proper shape for knees, after which their centers are placed at equal distances upon the keel and firmly tied with cords. The knees are retained in their proper curvature by cords around the ends. After a sufficient number of them have been placed upon the keel, two poles of suitable dimensions are heated, bent around the ends for a gunwale, and firmly lashed to each knee. Smaller willows are then interwoven, so as to model the frame.

Green or soaked hides are cut into the proper shape to fit the frame and sewed together with buckskin strings. Then the frame of the boat is placed in the middle, the hide drawn up snug around the sides, and secured with raw-hide thongs to the gunwale. The boat is then turned bottom upward and left to dry, after which the seams where they have been sewn are covered with a mixture of melted tallow, pitch, or resin. The craft is now ready for launching.