Bibliography

MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS

B. H. Liddell Hart Papers, The Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London.

Papers of T. E. Lawrence and A. W. Lawrence, University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England.

National Archives, Kew, Surrey, England.

Lowell Thomas Collection, James A. Cannavino Library, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Thomas Edward Lawrence Papers, Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Abdullah, King of Jordan. Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan. London: Cape, 1950.

Adelson, Roger. Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur. London: Cape, 1975.

Aldington, Richard. Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry.London: Collins, 1955.

Antonius, George. The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement.Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott, 1939.

Asher, Michael. Lawrence: The Uncrowned King of Arabia.London: Viking, 1998.

Barr, James. Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain’s Secret War in Arabia, 1916-1918.London: Bloomsbury, 2007.

Barrow, General Sir George deS. The Fire of Life.London: Hutchinson, 1942.

Brown, Malcolm. Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, the Legend.London: Thames and Hudson, 2005.

Brown, Malcolm, and Julia Cave. Touch of Genius: The Life of T. E. Lawrence.London: Dent, 1988.

Callwell, C. E. Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice.London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1903.

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Churchill, Randolph Spencer, and Martin Gilbert. Winston Churchill, 1914-916: Challenge of War,Vol. 3. Boston, Mass.: Houghton-Mifflin, 1966.

Churchill, Winston. Great Contemporaries.Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

—. Story of the Malakind Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War.London: Longmans Green, 1901.

—. The World Crisis,Vol. I. New York: Scribner, 1931.

Findlay, C. “The Amazing AC 2.” The Listener,June 5, 1958.

Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace.New York: Henry Holt, 1989.

Gilbert, Martin. Winston Churchill,Vol. 3. London: Heinemann, 1971.

Graves, Robert. Lawrence and the Arabs.London: Cape, 1927.

Graves, Robert, and B. H. Liddell Hart. T. E. Lawrence to His Biographers.Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1963.

Greaves, Adrian. Lawrence of Arabia: Mirage of a Desert War.London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.

Holroyd, Michael. Bernard Shaw: The Lure of Fantasy,Vol. III. New York: Random House, 1991.

—. Bernard Shaw: Search for Love,Vol. I. London: Chatto and Windus, 1977.

Hyde, H. Montgomery. Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier.London: Constable, 1977.

Ingrams, Doreen. Palestine Papers, 1917-1922: Seeds of Conflict.London: J. Murray, 1972.

Knightley, Phillip, and Colin Simpson. Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Lawrence, Arnold E. (ed.) Letters to T. E. Lawrence.London: Cape, 1962.

— (ed.). T. E. Lawrence by His Friends.London: Cape, 1954.

Lawrence, T. E. Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922-926,Vol. I, Jeremy Wilson and Nicole Wilson (eds.). Fordingbridge, England: Castle, 2000.

—. The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and His Brothers.New York: Macmillan, 1954.

—. Letters from T. E. Lawrence to E. T. Leeds,J. M. Wilson (ed.). Andovers-ford, England: Whittington, 1988.

—. Letters of T. E. Lawrence,M. Brown (ed.). New York: Norton, 1989.

—. Letters of T. E. Lawrence,David Garnett (ed.). New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939.

—. The Mint.London: Cape, 1955.

—. (trans.). Odyssey of Homer,New York: Oxford University Press, 1932.

—. Selected Letters of T. E. Lawrence,David Garnett (ed.). London: Cape, 1952.

—. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph(complete 1922 text). Fordingbridge, England: Castle, 2003.

Liddell Hart, Basil. Colonel Lawrence: The Man behind the Legend.New York: Halcyon, 1937.

Lloyd George, David. Memoirs of the Peace Conference,Vol. II. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1939.

Mack, John. A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence.Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1976.

MacMillan, Margaret. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World.New York: Random House, 2002.

Meinertzhagen, Richard. Middle East Diary.London: Cresset, 1959.

Miller, Geoffrey. “Turkey Enters the War and British Actions.” December 1999, http://www.gwpda.org/naval/turkmill.htm.

Nicolson, Harold. Peace Making: Being Reminiscences of the Paris Peace Conference.Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1933.

O’Brien, Philip M. T. E. Lawrence: A Bibliography.New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll, 2000.

Pakenham, Frank, Earl of Longford. Peace by Ordeal: The Negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty,1921. London: Pimlico, 1992.

Rose, Norman. Chaim Weizmann: A Biography.New York: Penguin, 1989.

Samuel, Herbert (Viscount Samuel). Memoirs.London: Cresset, 1945.

Seeley, Sir John Robert. Expansion of England.[N.p.] 1883.

Shaw, George Bernard. Man of Destiny.New York: Brentano, 1913.

Sherwood, John. No Golden Journey: A Biography of James Elroy Flecker.London: Heinemann, 1973.

Shotwell, James Thomson. At the Paris Peace Conference.New York: Macmillan, 1937.

Smith, Clare Sydney. The Golden Reign.London: Cassell, 1940.

Smith, Emma. The Great Western Beach: A Memoir of a Cornish Childhood between the Wars.London: Bloomsbury, 2008.

Storrs, Ronald. Orientations.London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1937.

Thomas, Lowell. With Lawrence in Arabia.New York: Doubleday, 1967.

Thompson, W. H. Assignment Churchill.Farrar, Straus and Young, 1955.

Toynbee, Arnold. Acquaintances.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

von Sanders, Liman. Five Years in Turkey.Nashville, Tenn.: Battery, 2000.

Wallach, Janet. Desert Queen: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell—Adventurer, Adviser to Kings, Ally of Lawrence of Arabia.New York: Anchor, 2005.

Wavell, Archibald Percival. Palestine Campaigns.London: Constable, 1928.

Weizmann, Chaim. Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann,Mark W. Weisgal (gen. ed.), Vol. IX, Series A. Transaction Books, Rutgers University. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1977.

West, Anthony. David Reese among Others.New York: Random House, 1970.

Wilson, Jeremy. Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence.New York: Atheneum, 1990.

Young, Sir Hubert. The Independent Arab.London: Murray, 1933.

Index

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Note: Page numbers in italicsrefer to illustrations.

Aaronsohn, Aaron, 328–29Aaronsohn, Sarah, 498Aba el Naam, railway station at, 77–78Aba’l Issan (Abu el Lissal), 95–96, 98, 101, 402, 404Abd el Aziz, 419Abd el Kader el Abdo (hero), 43, 307, 327–28Abd el Kader el Abdo, emir (grandson), 329–35Auda’s warning about, 332at Damascus, 430, 431–32, 433and Deraa incident, 342, 343, 400desertion at Yarmuk, 335, 400, 430at Ezraa, 417journey to Azrak, 327, 329–30, 331, 334Lawrence betrayed to Turks by, 335, 342, 343, 400, 430volatility of, 328, 329, 333, 431–32Abdul Hamid II, sultan, 259Abdul Kerim, 172Abdulla (Mesopotamian soldier), 370, 371Abdulla, emir (son of Hussein), 140assassination of, 14, 16, 518as first king of Jordan, 14, 16, 80, 277n, 405, 444, 511, 515, 518, 519, 520, 523, 524, 528–29in Jidda, 14–16leadership qualities of, 15–16, 80, 483, 532memoirs of, 16and military strategy, 27, 29, 35, 62–63, 70, 71, 76, 80, 266, 298and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 291–92and plans for Arab Revolt, 10, 40, 259–61Saudi defeat of, 483–84at Wadi Ais, 60, 71, 73, 74, 76Abdulla el Feir, sharif, 313, 374Abdulla el Nahabi, 367Abdullah (son of Obeid), 25Abdulla II, king of Jordan, 529Abu el Lissal, 95–96, 98, 101, 402, 404Abu Tayi tribe, 360Abyssinia, military strategy between wars, 29Aden, British port of, 527Aйro-Club de France, 642Afghanistan:Amanullah as king of, 632, 634, 639British wars fought in, 632Lawrence’s warning about, 254, 626modern-day wars in, 30newspaper rumors about, 634–35and RAF Fort Miranshah, Waziristan, 631–34Russian ambitions toward, 12tribal unrest in, 632, 635, 639 African Queen, The(film), 92Ageyl tribesmen, 71–72, 95Ahmed Jemal Pasha, 344as al-SaГah (the butcher), 34, 430amnesty sought by, 360–61, 398–99Feisal’s dealings with, 266, 360–61, 400and military strategy, 70, 266as Turkish ruler, 34–35, 285nAid, Harithi sharif, 312–13, 314Air Ministry, Marine Equipment Branch, 653, 659–60Aldington, Richard, Lawrence of Arabia, 118, 687–90, 694, 696Aleppo, 307Lawrence’s travels in, 172–73, 175as military goal, 263railway line to, 429Alexandretta, as military goal, 262–64Alexandria, Queen (widow of Edward VII), 554Algeria, as French colonial possession, 48, 327, 442Ali, emir (son of Hussein), 16journey to Rabegh, 17–18, 21–28and military strategy, 27, 29, 35, 62Ali el Alayan, 362–63Ali ibn Hussein, sharif of Harith:and Abd el Kader, 329, 330, 331, 333at Azrak, 340, 341and tribal rivalries, 332–33Ali Riza Pasha, 91, 333, 343, 429Ali Riza Rejabi, 431, 433Allenby, Sir Edmund, 210, 355, 696and Aqaba, 108, 110, 112and Beersheba, 111, 297–98, 323, 331, 333–34, 352, 406and Damascus, 112, 414, 425, 427, 429, 435–37as EEF commander, 105, 318and Feisal, 298, 300, 436–37and Gaza, 323, 325, 326, 331–34, 352honors and awards to, 384and Jerusalem, 105, 112, 297, 307, 351–53, 356, 361and Lawrence’s death, 679Lawrence’s first meeting with, 108, 108, 110–11Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 382, 439, 654and Lawrence’s mental anguish, 376, 377, 379as mentor to Lawrence, 295–96, 341, 357, 378, 513and Middle East diplomacy, 524, 689military strategies of, 106, 111–12, 233n, 297–98, 307, 322–23, 325, 326, 357, 359, 374, 378–80, 391, 396, 401, 402, 406, 407, 411, 414personal traits of, 111and Salt, 391–92, 395, 413and Seven Pillars, 500, 593, 623and Thomas, 384, 481, 493west bank [Jordan] victory of, 411–13, 414, 415and World War I, 381–82Allenby, Lady, 439, 481All Souls College, Oxford University, 681Lawrence as outsider at, 492Lawrence’s dagger donated to, 587nLawrence’s fellowship at, 119, 185n, 484–85, 489–90, 491–92, 497, 503as refuge, 490, 491social network of, 143, 533, 557, 579Altounyan, Dr. (Oriental rug collector), 231, 239, 475Amanullah, king of Afghanistan, 632, 634, 639American Indians, destruction of, 476Amery, Leo, 576Amman:British raids on, 390, 403as military goal, 406, 407 see alsoJordanAnazeh tribe, 423Andrews, Wing Commander, 660Angell, Flight Lieutenant, 633Antoniou, Gregorios, 189, 192–93Antonius, George, 268, 276Aqaba:Arab attack on, 98–102Arab victory in, 102–6, 103, 110, 112, 238, 301, 518defense and administrative support of, 103–4, 106–12in history, 1Lawrence in (prewar), 5–6, 63, 83, 238Lawrence’s journey to, 82–92, 95–96, 97and mapping expedition, 237–38military base in, 298, 303, 306, 318, 380motor vehicles in, 357–58, 359strategic importance of, 1–2, 21, 67, 83, 89, 112strategic thinking about, 81, 82, 85, 92, 95, 96, 100Thomas in, 383–88Turkish control of, 1–2, 4, 89as turning point for Lawrence, 295Arab army:Bedouin tribesmen in, 14, 19–20, 31, 54, 65, 68, 299, 306, 310, 357, 360, 370, 374, 394British use of, for its own purposes, 39–40, 81, 83–84, 402, 414in conventional warfare, 366, 379, 401demolition lessons for, 35n, 51–52, 77, 322, 531diverse groups in, 19–21, 36, 68, 299, 306, 360, 370, 375, 402, 404–5films of, 480guerrilla warfare of, 57, 76–78, 93–94, 111, 297–98, 306, 310–11, 314–18, 322, 357, 359, 396, 696Lawrence’s understanding of, 35, 56–57, 64, 66, 94–95, 187, 214, 296, 311, 400, 401–2, 405, 514, 518and religion, 55–56slapdash condition of, 35, 55, 56–57, 65–66, 401, 425–27, 432thievery of, 36n, 426Turkish superiority to, 20, 35, 36, 53, 57“Twenty-Seven Articles” about, 56victories needed by, 41, 81, 91, 314victory at Aqaba, 102–6, 103, 110, 112, 301, 518victory at Tafileh, 365–73, 380victory at Wejh, 66–67, 68weapons and money needed by, 35–36, 37, 38, 45, 57, 67, 104, 111, 285 Arab Bulletin, 7, 283, 362, 500, 526Arab Bureau:in Cairo, 7, 109, 273, 284, 477creation of, 284, 285Hussein supported by, 88Lawrence’s work with, 7, 9, 48–49, 291, 376–77roles in Arab Revolt, 11, 284Arabia:blood feuds in, 23, 72, 221cruelty in, 34–35, 37diseases in, 214, 215–16foreign influence in, 197hospitality in, 5, 23, 64, 73–74, 169, 170, 626hostility toward Europeans in, 21, 403hygiene lacking in, 36n, 64ibn Saud’s ambitions for, 453Lawrence’s ambitions for, 61, 405, 413–14, 429–30, 435, 437, 443, 451–52, 468, 477, 494, 512, 686, 696map, 3nationalism in, 19, 24, 41, 256, 258–59, 266, 267–69, 286, 507, 697Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter), 647rulers of, 88, 277–78sex in, 363–64sharia law in, 526slavery in, 20, 31thievery in, 169Arab Legion, 519, 528Arab nation:broken promises to, 506, 697independent, as goal, 41, 259, 260, 262, 266–67, 456, 467, 696and Jewish nation, 399–400, 465–68; see alsoPalestine; Zionismnebulous concept of, 260–61, 266, 268not ready for independence, 484, 517and Paris Peace Conference, 100, 474ruler planned for, 277–78and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 39, 81–82, 276, 277–78, 361, 413, 436, 465, 486, 505United Arab Republic, 697Arab Revolt:amnesty proposal for, 360–61, 398–99, 400British agencies involved in, 11–12, 45–46, 104, 284, 483British financial support for, 20, 32, 59, 62, 69–70, 87, 109, 110, 112, 259, 285, 292, 296, 302, 375, 376, 378, 500British policies inconsistent in, 12, 82, 88and British promises broken, 40–41, 304, 377, 378, 401, 436–37, 465, 486early days of, 18–21films of, 480, 691, 692flag of, 272Lawrence’s fame in, 80, 296–97, 301, 321, 361, 377, 382, 493, 499, 532, 570Lawrence’s strategies in, 81, 83, 297–303, 518, 530–31, 696laying groundwork for, 10, 40, 61–62, 256, 259–61, 268, 284leadership needed in, 13, 32–38motor vehicles used in, 357–58, 359–60, 377, 396, 408–9, 580outbreak of, 270, 291–93positive publicity about, 361, 387Arfaja, journey to, 86–87Aristophanes, 401nArmenia:Turkish genocide of, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76U.S. lack of interest in, 476Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 136, 141, 155, 165, 182, 222, 223, 225, 675Asquith, Herbert H., 1st earl of Oxford, 59, 399nAstor, Lady Nancy:background of, 644and Lawrence’s death, 679, 680Lawrence’s friendship with, 134, 607n, 644–45and Lawrence’s mother, 490political contacts via, 652, 674–75socializing with, 644, 648, 650, 656Astor, Waldorf, Viscount Astor, 644Auda Abu Tayi, 70, 85, 393, 608at Abu el Lissal, 99–100and Aqaba, 81, 89–90, 106, 238in Damascus, 431, 432as Howeitat tribal leader, 68–69, 81, 87, 99, 301, 330journey to Aqaba, 82, 84, 86, 87, 92, 95, 100, 239journey to Azrak, 330, 331–32journey to Damascus, 428military strategies of, 81, 311, 357, 394, 417negotiations with the Turks, 301–2, 304personal traits of, 68–69, 90and Seven Pillars, 69, 80–81, 499at Tafas, 419, 420, 421and Tafileh, 360, 365, 366, 367and tribal rivalries, 92, 100and Turkish retreat, 428–29Ault, W. O., 156Australian Mounted Division, 333–34, 414, 429, 433, 480Austro-Hungarian army, in World War I, 10, 232Austro-Hungarian Empire:collapse of, 468surrender of, 453war declared by, 242Aziz Ali Bey el Masri, 13, 17–18, 19Aziz el Masri, 259Azrak:headquarters in, 340–41, 402, 405journey to, 89, 327, 328–35