Chapter 1: Hello, World!

1. Graham, “Hackers and Painters.”

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Lampson, “Guest Editorial,” 195.

5. Ibid., 196.

6. Wright and Daintith, A Dictionary of Computing, 205.

7. Knuth, “Literate Programming,” 99.

8. Ibid.

9. Mataes and Montford, “A Box, Darkly,” 145.

10. Ibid., 194.

11. “The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator”; Mataes and Montford, “A Box, Darkly,” 194.

12. Oram and Wilson, Beautiful Code, loc. 482.

13. Ibid., loc. 473.

14. Mataes and Montford, “A Box, Darkly,” 145.

15. Ceglowski, “Dabblers and Blowhards.”

16. Graham, “Design and Research.”

17. Graham, “Hackers and Painters.”

18. Ceglowski, “Dabblers and Blowhards.”

19. Ibid.

Chapter 2: Learning to Write

1. Simon, Spies and Holy Wars, 98.

2. Jcoll [pseud.], “For Most of You, This Is Surely Child Play, but Holy Shit, This Must Be What It Feels Like to Do Heroin for the First Time.”

Chapter 3: The Language of Logic

1. Rob P., “How Do Computers Work?”

2. Jong89 [pseud.], “Razorlength—1036 Early Winter by Jong89.”

3. “Computer Scientists Build Computer Using Swarms of Crabs.”

4. Petzold, Code, 101–02.

5. See Gleick, The Information, loc. 2056–69.

6. Rob P., “How Do Computers Work?”

7. Ganssle, “Microprocessors Change the World.”

8. Winegrad and Akera, “A Short History of the Second American Revolution.”

9. Ganssle, “Microprocessors Change the World.”

Chapter 4: Histories and Mythologies

1. Rosenberg, Dreaming in Code, 300–01.

2. Nather, “The Story of Mel.”

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Used with permission from Microsoft. Lippert, “Cargo Cultists, Part Three: Is Mort a Cargo Cultist?”

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Nather, “The Story of Mel.”

12. Ibid.

13. Wozniak, “And Then There Was Apple.”

14. Livingston, Founders at Work, 45.

15. Ibid., 49.

16. DFectuoso [pseud.], “Solo Development — Are There Any Famous One-Man-Army Programmers?”

17. “Programming the ENIAC.”

18. Ensmenger, The Computer Boys Take Over, 14–15.

19. Ibid., 37.

20. Ibid., 39.

21. Ibid., 74.

22. Ibid., 238.

23. Ibid., 16.

24. Ibid., 69.

25. Ibid., 79.

26. Ibid., 137.

27. Ibid., 144.

28. Ibid., 231.

29. Ibid., 168.

30. Ibid., 239–40.

31. Griffin, “The Place of the Bengali in Politics,” 812.

32. Ibid., 813.

33. Barrett, “Why We Don’t Hire.NET Programmers.”

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Solnit, “Diary.”

37. Ibid.

38. See Lacy, “And You Thought SF Cabs Were Bad? BART Strike Is Crippling Fledgling Mid-Market Tech Corridor.”

39. Silver, “In Silicon Valley, Technology Talent Gap Threatens G.O.P. Campaigns.”

40. Barbrook and Cameron, “The Californian Ideology,” 44.

41. Ibid., 55.

42. Matyszczyk, “Woz: Microsoft Might Be More Creative Than Apple.”

43. Torvalds, “Re: Stable Linux 2.6.25.10”; Leonard, “Let My Software Go!”; Raymond, “Microsoft Tries to Recruit Me.”

44. Bailey, “Dear Open Source Project Leader: Quit Being a Jerk.”

45. Alec Scott, e-mail to author, November 29, 2012.

46. Brockmeier, “How Casual Sexism Put Sqoot in the Hotseat.”

47. Bassett, “Aligning India in the Cold War Era,” 786.

48. Bassett, “MIT-Trained Swadeshis,” 215.

49. Ibid., 213.

50. Ibid., 215.

51. Ibid., 225.

52. Ibid., 227.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid., 229–30.

55. Bassett, “Aligning India in the Cold War Era,” 783.

56. Ibid., 791.

57. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship Has Stalled for the First Time in Decades, Kauffman Foundation Study Shows.”

58. Khan, “40 % of Startups in Silicon Valley Are Headed by India-Based Entrepreneurs.”

59. Stahl, “Imported from India.”

60. Sivakumar, Dude, Did I Steal Your Job?, 33.

61. Mukherji, “Student Suicides Soar 26 % in 5 Years, Education System Blamed.”

62. Spectre, “Twilio’s Definitive Brogramming Primer.”

63. MacMillan, “The Rise of the ‘Brogrammer.’”

64. Scott, “Lessons from Canada’s Silicon Valley Diaspora.”

65. World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report.

66. “We believe that currently in most IT companies (IBM India, Accenture India, Infosys, Wipro, TCS, HCL, Cognizant, iGate, etc.), the percentage of women is also 30 % at the lower level …” Alok Aggarwal (co-founder and chairman, Evalueserve), e-mail to author, December 8, 2012; “Household Data Annual Averages: Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity.”

67. Varma, “Exposure, Training, and Environment,” 205; DuBow, “NCWIT Scorecard: A Report on the Status of Women in Information Technology.”

68. Varma, “Computing Self-Efficacy among Women in India,” 257.

69. Varma, “Exposure, Training, and Environment,” 213.

70. Ibid., 215.

71. Ibid., 217.

72. Ibid., 219.

73. Ibid.

74. Alok Aggarwal (co-founder and chairman, Evalueserve), e-mail to author, December 8, 2012.

75. Alok Aggarwal (co-founder and chairman, Evalueserve), e-mail to author, February 15, 2013.

76. Varma, “Exposure, Training, and Environment,” 219.

77. Fine, Delusions of Gender, 94.

78. Ibid., 181–82.

79. Sivakumar, Dude, Did I Steal Your Job?, 34.

80. Ibid., 140–46.

81. Ibid., 144.

82. Ibid., 141.

83. Wadhwa, “The Face of Success, Part I: How the Indians Conquered Silicon Valley.”

84. See, for instance: Raj, “Indian Mafia”; Warner, “The Indians of Silicon Valley.”

85. Lanier, “The Suburb That Changed the World.”

Chapter 5: The Code of Beauty: Anandavardhana

1. Ramanujan, The Interior Landscape, 74.

2. Ibid., 115.

3. Harpham, “Aesthetics and the Fundamentals of Modernity,” 124–25.

4. See Leeming, The Oxford Companion to World Mythology.

5. Kiparsky, “Paninian Linguistics,” 1.

6. “Astadhyayi has two distinct bodies of sutras — the 14 Maheswara or pratyahara sutras of Sanskrit varnas, sounds, that are the primary building blocks of the Sanskrit language, that are enumerated before the sutrapatha begins. The sutrapatha, according to the now ascertained authentic text (ed. by Pt. Narayana Mishra and published by Chowkhamba Varanasi) has 3976 sutras. Sometimes the 14 pratyahara sutras are conjoined to make the total 3990.” Kapil Kapoor, e-mail to author, September 9, 2013.

7. Kiparsky, “Paninian Linguistics,” 5.

8. See Matthews, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, 284.

9. Kiparsky, “Paninian Linguistics,” 6.

10. Ibid., 7.

11. Panini, Ashtadhyayi, 47.

12. Kapoor, Text and Interpretation: The Indian Tradition, 74.

13. Joshi, “Background of the Aṣṭādhyāyī,” 2.

14. Ganeri and Miri, “Sanskrit Philosophical Commentary,” 193.

15. See Manjali, “The ‘Social’ and the ‘Cognitive’ in Language: A Reading of Saussure, and Beyond.”

16. Emeneau, “Bloomfield and Pānini,” 759.

17. Ibid., 758–59.

18. Bloomfield, Linguistic Aspects of Science, 2.

19. Kiparsky, “Paninian Linguistics.”

20. Kiparsky, “On the Architecture of Pāṇini’s Grammar.”

21. Emeneau, “India and Linguistics,” 150.

22. Ingerman, “Panini-Backus Form Suggested,” 37.