120. Moorish remains in Spain, by A. F. Calvert (London, 1905).

121. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia, by M. Amari (Firenze, 1854-72). A revised edition is in course of publication.

IX

THE HISTORY OF THE ARABS FROM THE MONGOL INVASION IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY.

122. Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe par Taki-eddin Ahmed Makrizi, traduite en français ... parM. Quatremère, 2 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1845).

123. The Mameluke or Slave dynasty of Egypt, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1896).

124. Histoire de Bagdad depuis la domination des Khans mongols jusqu'au massacre des Mamlouks, by C. Huart (Paris, 1901).

125. History of the Egyptian revolution from the period of the Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali, by A. A. Paton, 2 vols. (London, 1870).

126. The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVI ^thcentury, by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1904).

127. The Arabic Press of Egypt, by M. Hartmann (London, 1899).

128. Neuarabische Volkspoesie gesammelt und uebersetzt, by Enno Littmann (Berlin, 1902).

FOOTNOTES:

1 H. Grimme, Weltgeschichte in Karakterbildern: Mohammed(Munich, 1904), p. 6 sqq.

2 Cf.Nöldeke, Die Semitischen Sprachen(Leipzig, 1899), or the same scholar's article, 'Semitic Languages,' in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition. Renan's Histoire générale des langues sémitiques(1855) is now antiquated. An interesting essay on the importance of the Semites in the history of civilisation was published by F. Hommel as an introduction to his Semitischen Völker und Sprachen, vol. i (Leipzig, 1883). The dates in this table are of course only approximate.

3 Ibn Qutayba, Kitábu ’l-Ma‘árij, ed. by Wüstenfeld, p. 18.

4 Full information concerning the genealogy of the Arabs will be found in Wüstenfeld's Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familienwith its excellent Register(Göttingen, 1852-1853).

5 The tribes Ḍabba, Tamím, Khuzayma, Hudhayl, Asad, Kinána, and Quraysh together formed a group which is known as Khindif, and is often distinguished from Qays ‘Aylán.

6 Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 133 sqq., 177 sqq.

7 Nöldeke in Z.D.M.G., vol. 40, p. 177.

8 See Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, p. 4.

9 Concerning the nature and causes of this antagonism see Goldziher, op. cit., Part I, p. 78 sqq.

10 The word 'Arabic' is always to be understood in this sense wherever it occurs in the following pages.

11 First published by Sachau in Monatsberichte der Kön. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin(February, 1881), p. 169 sqq.

12 See De Vogüé, Syrie Centrale, Inscriptions Sémitiques, p. 117. Other references are given in Z.D.M.G., vol. 35, p. 749.

13 On this subject the reader may consult Goldziher. Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 110 sqq.

14 Professor Margoliouth in F.R.A.S.for 1905, p. 418

15 Nöldeke, Die Semitischen Sprachen, p. 36 sqq. and p. 51.

16 Journal Asiatique(March, 1835), p. 209 sqq.

17 Strictly speaking, the Jáhiliyyaincludes the whole time between Adam and Muḥammad, but in a narrower sense it may be used, as here, to denote the Pre-islamic period of Arabic Literature.

18 Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den Südsemitischen Völkern, p. 343 seq.

19 Iramu Dhátu ’l-‘Imád(Koran, lxxxix, 6). The sense of these words is much disputed. See especially Ṭabarí's explanation in his great commentary on the Koran (O. Loth in Z.D.M.G., vol. 35, p. 626 sqq.).

20 I have abridged Ṭabarí, Annals, i, 231 sqq. Cf.also chapters vii, xi, xxvi, and xlvi of the Koran.

21 Koran, xi, 56-57.

22 See Doughty's Documents Epigraphiques recueillis dans le nord de l'Arabie, p. 12 sqq.

23 Koran, vii, 76.

24 Properly Saba’ with hamza, both syllables being short.

25 The oldest record of Saba to which a date can be assigned is found in the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions. We read in the Annals of King Sargon (715 b.c.), "I received the tribute of Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, of Shamsiyya, the Queen of Arabia, of Ithamara the Sabæan—gold, spices, slaves, horses, and camels." Ithamara is identical with Yatha‘amar, a name borne by several kings of Saba.

26 A. Müller, Der Islam im Morgen und Abendland, vol. i, p. 24 seq.

27 Nöldeke, however, declares the traditions which represent Kulayb as leading the Rabí‘a clans to battle against the combined strength of Yemen to be entirely unhistorical ( Fünf Mo‘allaqát, i, 44).

28 Op. cit., p. 94 seq. An excellent account of the progress made in discovering and deciphering the South Arabic inscriptions down to the year 1841 is given by Rödiger, Excurs ueber himjaritische Inschriften, in his German translation of Wellsted's Travels in Arabia, vol. ii, p. 368 sqq.

29 Seetzen's inscriptions were published in Fundgruben des Orients, vol. ii (Vienna, 1811), p. 282 sqq. The one mentioned above was afterwards deciphered and explained by Mordtmann in the Z.D.M.G., vol. 31, p. 89 seq.

30 The oldest inscriptions, however, run from left to right and from right to left alternately (ƒÀƒÍƒÒƒÐƒÑƒÏƒÍƒÏƒÅƒÂόƒË).

31 Notiz ueber die himjaritische Schrift nebst doppeltem Alphabet derselbenin Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. i (Göttingen, 1837), p. 332 sqq.

32 See Arnaud's Relation d'un voyage à Mareb (Saba) dans l'Arabie méridionalein the Journal Asiatique, 4th series, vol. v (1845), p. 211 sqq. and p. 309 sqq.

33 See Rapport sur une mission archéologique dans le Yémenin the Journal Asiatique, 6th series, vol. xix (1872), pp. 5-98, 129-266, 489-547.

34 See D. H. Müller, Die Burgen und Schlösser Südarabiensin S.B.W.A., vol. 97, p. 981 sqq.

35 The title Mukarribcombines the significations of prince and priest.

36 Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 3.

37 See F. Prætorius, Unsterblichkeitsglaube und Heiligenverehrung bei den Himyarenin Z.D.M.G., vol. 27, p. 645. Hubert Grimme has given an interesting sketch of the religious ideas and customs of the Southern Arabs in Weltgeschichte in Karakterbildern: Mohammed(Munich, 1904), p. 29 sqq.

38 Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. 5, p. 409.

39 This table of contents is quoted by D. H. Müller ( Südarabische Studien, p. 108, n. 2) from the title-page of the British Museum MS. of the eighth book of the Iklíl. No complete copy of the work is known to exist, but considerable portions of it are preserved in the British Museum and in the Berlin Royal Library.

40 The poet ‘Alqama b. Dhí Jadan, whose verses are often cited in the commentary on the 'Ḥimyarite Ode.'

41 Die Himjarische Kasidehherausgegeben und übersetzt von Alfred von Kremer (Leipzig, 1865). The Lay of the Himyarites, by W. F. Prideaux (Sehore, 1879).

42 Nashwán was a philologist of some repute. His great dictionary, the Shamsu ’l-‘Ulúm, is a valuable aid to those engaged in the study of South Arabian antiquities. It has been used by D. H. Müller to fix the correct spelling of proper names which occur in the Ḥimyarite Ode ( Z.D.M.G., vol. 29, p. 620 sqq.; Südarabische Studien, p. 143 sqq.).

43 Fihrist, p. 89, l. 26.

44 Murúju ’l-Dhahab, ed. by Barbier de Meynard, vol. iv, p. 89.

45 Von Kremer, Die Südarabische Sage, p. 56. Possibly, as he suggests (p. 115), the story may be a symbolical expression of the fact that the Sabæans were divided into two great tribes, Ḥimyar and Kahlán, the former of which held the chief power.