(Ma): I searched through every dictionary I could find, including A Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects (Jiangsu Educational Publishing House), without managing to find the character I was looking for. The dictionary meaning of the character [g$] that in the end I reluctantly used for this word was "to tease or pester," which is not so very far from the sense I wanted to express. This character is pronounced "man," only slightly different from the "nia" I was looking for-I hope readers can remember this.

Nia, meaning "to stick" or "sticky," is often used as a dirty word. Maybe it's because of this that dictionaries for gentlemen, dictionaries for campuses and libraries, dictionaries that adults keep in hardback in their sitting rooms, all based on lofty linguistic ethics, have to ignore it, or at best lightly pass over it, or stick to hazy generalizations. But in real life, where Maqiao people live, nia is a word in constant use. Very often, people would use the word tens, even hundreds of times in one day- they didn't live by the dictionaries in general circulation.

Nia has many different uses in Maqiao:

1. Pronounced in second tone, nia means to stick. For example, when sealing an envelope, they'd say "nia the envelope properly." Of the thick, sticky quality of glue or paste, they'd say "really nia" or "good and nia" Magnetic rock is "nia (sticky) rock." A snot-nose is "nia."

2. Pronounced in first tone, nia means intimacy, affection, pestering, skin pressed against hair-sticky. To "get nia" means to be actively intimate and affectionate with others. To "act nia" means to entice others, by expression or manner, to be intimate and affectionate, implying a passive mode of behavior. These phrases are often used for relations between parents and children, between men and women. When a young girl is in the passionate throes of a romance, she is always "very nia" towards her man; her tone of voice, the look in her eyes, and so on, all remind people of the quality of glue or paste.

3. In third tone, nia means to make fun of, tease, bother, and so on, not far in meaning from "provoke." For example, "don't nia trouble," "don't nia a quarrel." Maqiao people also have a saying about "Three People You Don't Nia": the young, the old, and beggars. They mean that these three kinds of people are very tricky to handle, that it's best not to have any dealings with them, let alone cross swords with them; even if you're in the right, the only thing to do is give in and run far, far away.

This is the same attitude people have towards glue and paste: they're afraid that once stuck, disengaging will prove difficult and they'll find themselves in a very sticky situation. Despite the many ways in which nia is used, a common seam of meaning clearly runs through them all, they all share a linguistic point of intersection.

4. In fourth tone, nia (to stick) means the heterosexual sex act. Northern dialects contain similar words, such as cao, screw, for example. This word was brought down south, to Maqiao, by soldiers and itinerant workers men from the north.

In fact, this northern cao [i^r] appears to be rather different from nia. Firstly, the shape of the character-a human radical on top, meat radical on the bottom-indicates that it's a male act; that it should have a crisp, brisk, forceful pronunciation is entirely fitting. Ma, however, is pronounced with slow, lingering softness, implying an act of gentleness. Bearing in mind the original meaning of nia, or at least the meanings linked with it, a state of nia, or sticking,naturally indicates a kind of adhesion, of close contact, intertwining, intimacy, teasing, a state reminiscent of glue or paste, lacking any violent, aggressive quality.

Almost all physiological surveys so far carried out confirm that females reach a state of sexual excitement much more slowly than males and that females often require a certain degree of tenderness before they can be aroused. This is a first-tone nia, second-tone nia, and third-tone nia kind of process, of which males need to be aware and to which they need to adjust. This leads me to a bold hypothesis: the word nia suits the particularities of the female physiology better than cao, is preferred by women. If such a thing as a female language exists in this world, the former word will be far more widely used than the latter in their sexual vocabulary.

A women's book has been discovered in Jiangyong County in Hunan Province, written in language that would only circulate and be used among women, thus attracting a great deal of attention from feminists. I do still strongly doubt that an independent female language could exist. But when you consider that even today many traces of matriarchal society still remain in the South, that historically the South developed into a male-dominated society one step behind the North, then female physiology and psychology may in fact find fuller expression in southern languages. I'd like to see nia as one proof of this bold hypothesis.

: Low, low-down, low doings: the etymological origins of this word lie in sexual behavior of a deviant, or even perfectly normal nature. Since the 1980s, Hunanese dialect has referred to hooliganism by the phrase "lowlife," obviously an extension and expansion of the word "low."

In terms of the design of the human body, the head is positioned on top, and so human thought and spirit have always appeared uplifted, have enjoyed symbolic status as "lofty," "sublime," "metaphysical"; sexual organs, however, are positioned down below, and so sexual behavior has always been termed "low."

Thinking about it like this, it becomes very hard to say that it's merely an accident of choice that temples are built on high mountains, criminals are imprisoned in hell, aristocrats live in high palaces, commoners kneel at the foot of steps, the victor's flag is raised aloft in the sky, the loser's flag is trampled underfoot… Surely all this must be the externalization, the product of some form of belief. I suspect all this started with cave-dwellers, with their sense of bemusement towards and earliest knowledge of their own bodies; from this time on, temples, aristocrats, and victors' flags all served as extensions of the heads of cave-dwellers, all became thus uplifted. And anything opposite to this was forever relegated down below, to the shameful ranks of the lower body.

Apparently, Maqiao used to be particularly low, and only became more upright after brutal rectification by the commune cadres. After arriving in the village, Mr. He the Commune Head not only took over any private land, manure, chickens, ducks, and so on that exceeded the permitted quota, he also at one large meeting produced a strange object made up of two long tubes with lenses inside: "What are these, you ask? X-ray glasses! With these, I can see every single low-down thing you get up to! If I catch someone, I'll punish 'em! Catch ten, punish ten! No mercy!"

These, in fact, were binoculars belonging to the Commune Forestry station, used to watch for mountain fires.

Hearing this, even Benyi started to look anxious, directing one troubled glance after another at the binoculars. Afterwards, people no longer dared speak or act indiscreetly, for months not one filthy word slipped from Wanyu's mouth-you could beat him to death before you'd get a qoqo song out of him. When evening came, everyone went early to bed and all fell perfectly quiet in the village, every lamp left unlit. Many people said they didn't even dare touch their wives during that time.