CHILESE. GREEK. SIGNIFICATION Aldun Aldein to increase. Ale Ele splendour. Amun Mouen to go. Cai Kai and. Ga Ga in truth. Lampaicon Lampein to shine. Mulan Mullen to pulverise. Pele Pelos mud. Reuma Reuma a stream. Tupan Tupein to whip.
CHILESE. LATIN. Aren Ardere to burn. Cupa. Cupere to desire. Dapein Dapinare to feast. Ejun Ejulare to weep. Lev Levis active, swift. Lumalmen Lumen light. Lui Lux brightness. Man Manus the right. Putun Potare to drink. Valin Valere to be worth. Valen Valere to be able. Une Unus one.
The nouns have only one declension, or rather are indeclinable, the numbers and cases being marked by various particles; but each, in this way, has the singular, dual, and plural, like the Greek. Thus Cara the city, has Cara-egu the two cities, and Pu-cara the cities, as in the following example.
(Singular, Dual, Plural)
Nom.: Cara, Cara-egu, pu-Cara
Gen.: Cara-ni, Cara-egu-ni, pu-Cara-ni
Dat.: Cara-meu, Cara-egu-meu, pu-Cara-meu
Accus.: Cara, Cara-egu, pu-Cara
Voc.: a Cara, a Cara-egu, a pu-Cara
Abl.: Caramo, Cara-egu-mo, pu-Cara-mo
Instead of pu, the mark of the plural, ica or egen may be affixed to the noun, or que placed between the adjective and substantive. Thus the plural of cara may be pu-cara, caraica, or caraegen, signifying the cities; or cum-que cara, the good cities.
The Chilese language abounds with adjectives, both primative and derivative. The latter are formed from every part of speech by invariable rules: As, from tue the earth, comes tuetu terrestrial; from quimen to know, quimchi wise; and these, by the interposition of no, become negative, as tuenotu not terrestrial, quimnochi ignorant. The adjectives, participles, and derivative pronouns are unsusceptible of number or gender, in which they resemble the English; yet when it is necessary to distinguish the sexes, alca is used for the masculine, and domo for the feminine. The comparative is formed by prefixing jod or doi to the positive, and the superlative by cad or mu. Thus from chu limpid, are formed doichu more limpid, and muliu most limpid. There are no diminutives or augmentatives, which are supplied by means of the adjectives picki little, and buta great. Diminutives are also formed by changing a harsh sound into one more liquid; as votun son, to vochiun little son. The primitive pronouns are inche I, eimi you, teye which, &c. The relatives are iney who, chem what, ta or ga that, &c. The verbs all terminate in the syllables an, en, in, an, un, щn; and are all regulated by a single conjugation, having all the voices, moods, and tenses of the Latin, with three or four others, and the singular dual and plural like the Greek. The terminations of the present tense of each mood form the roots of all the other tenses of the same mood, which are distinguished by certain particles, as che in the second present, bu in the imperfect, uje in the perfect, &c. as in the following example, which are placed between the radical and the final n. Passive verbs are formed by the auxiliary gen, between the radical and final n. Impersonal verbs by the particle am added to the radical. The following example of the verb elun to give, will serve as a model for all the other verbs in the language without exception, as there is but one conjugation and no irregular verbs. It is to be noticed, that the first present of all the verbs is used, as our compound preterite: Thus elun signifies I give or I have given; while the second present is strictly confined to the present time.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, (Singular. Dual. Plural)
1. Elun, I give.
Eluvu, We two give.
Eluign, We give
2. Eluimi, Thou givest.
Eluimu, You two give.
Eluimen, Ye give
3. Elui He gives.
Eluigu, They two give.
Eluigen, They give
Second Present,
1. Eluchen, I give.
2. Eluchemi, Thou givest, &c.
Imperfect,
1. Elubun, I did give.
2. Elubuimi, Thou, &c.
Perfect,
1. Eluuyen, I gave.
2. Eluuyeimi, Thou, &c.
Pluperfect,
1. Elunyebun, I had given, &c.
1st Future,
1. Eluan, I will give, &c.
2d Future,
1. Eluayean, I shall have given, &c.
1st Mixed,
1. Eluabun, I had to give, &c.
2d Mixed,
1. Eluugabun, I ought to have had to give; &c.
IMPERATIVE MOOD, (Singular, Dual. Plural)
1. Eluche, let me give
Eluyu, let us two give
Eluign, let us give
2. Eluge, give thou
Elamu, let you two give
Elumen, give ye
3. Elupe, let him give
Elugu let these two give
Elugen, let them give
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present tense, Eluli, if I may give
Imperfect, Elubili, if I might give
Perfect, Eluuyeli, if I may have given
Pluperfect, Eluuyebuli, if I might have given
1st. Future, Eluaii, if I shall give
2d. Future, Eluuyela, if I shall have given
1st. Mixed, Eluabuli, if I had to give
2d. Mixed, Eluyeabuli, if I should have to give
The optative is formed of the subjunctive, or of the two mixed-tenses of the indicative, by adding the desiderative particles velem, uel, or chi; as eluli velem! Would to God that I might give; eluabun chi! Would to God that I had to give; &c. The affirmative infinitive is the same with the radical of the verb; or 1st person singular of the indicative tense; so that there are nine peculiar infinitives, which are distinguished from these tenses by some determinative particle.
ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
1st Present, Elulu, he who gives
2d Present, Eluquelu, he who gives
Imperfect, Elubulei, he who did give
Perfect, Eluuyelu, he who gave
Pluperfect, Eluuyebula, he who had given
1st Future, Elualu, he who shall give
2d Future, Eluuyealu, he who shall have given
1st Mixed, Eluabulu, he who shall have to give
2d Mixed, Eluuyeabulu, he who should have given
GERUNDS.
1st Present, Eluyum, giving
2d Present, Elualu, for to give
Imperfect, Eluyubum, when giving
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. Elugen, I am given
Imperfect. Elugebum, I was given
Participles Passive.
1st Present, Elugelu, given
2d Present, Eluel, given
Perfect, Elubuel, that was given
Imperfect, Elugebulu, that was given
IMPERSONAL VERB.
Indicative Mood.
1st Present, Eluan, that is giving
2d Present, Eluchean, that is giving