19 Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), pp. 91–118.

20 I. Metin Kunt, The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 32–33.

21 Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 33.

22 Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 16–17.

23 Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, pp. 105–106.

24 Sayyid Murad’s sixteenth-century manuscript Ghazawat-i Khayr al-Din Pasha [Conquests of Khayr al-Din Pasha] has been published in an abridged French translation by Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la rйgence d’Alger: Histoire de Bar-berousse (Paris: J. Angй, 1837). This account is found in vol. 1, p. 306.

25 John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 20.

26 Cited in ibid., p. 27.

27 Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din alMa’ ni [The book of history of the Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni], edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni al-Thani [Lebanon in the age of Amir Fakhr al-Din II al-Ma’ni] (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).

28 Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985) pp. 81–87.

29 Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, pp. 17–19.

30 Ibid., pp. 214–215.

31 Ibid., pp. 150–154.

32 Daniel Crecelius and ‘Abd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi’s Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p. 286.

33 Ibid., p. 291.

34 Ibid., p. 296.

35 Ibid., pp. 310–312.

36 Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, p. 24.

Chapter 2

1 Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya [Daily events of Damascus] 1741–1762 (Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959), p. 184; and George M. Haddad, “The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus,” Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258–271.

2 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, p. 202.

3 Ibid., p. 129.

4 Ibid., p. 219.

5 Ibid., p. 57.

6 Ibid., p. 112.

7 Quoted by Albert Hourani, “The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century,” A Vision of History (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), p. 42.

8 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 6.

9 On the Shihabs of Mount Lebanon see Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965). On the Jalilis of Mosul, see Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

10 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 7.

11 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, pp. 27–29.

12 Ibid., pp. 42–45.

13 Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the Eighteenth Century (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973), p. 15.

14 Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 36.

15 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 636. On ’Ali Bey al-Kabir see Daniel Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of ‘Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760–1775 (Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).

16 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.

17 Ibid., p. 638.

18 Ibid., p. 639.

19 This account is from the chronicle of al-Amir Haydar Ahmad al-Shihab of Mount Lebanon (1761–1835), Al-Ghurar al-Hisan fi akhbar abna’ al-zaman [Exemplars in the chronicles of the sons of the age]. Shihab’s chronicles were edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin [Lebanon in the era of the Shihabi Amirs], vol. 1 (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984), p. 79.

20 Shihab, Lubnan fi ‘ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, pp. 86–87.

21 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.

22 Philipp, citing Ahmad al-Shihab’s Tarikh Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, in Acre, p. 45.

23 This dramatic account of Zahir al-’Umar’s death is found in the chronicle of Mikha’il al-Sabbagh (c. 1784–1816), Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir al-‘Umar al-Zaydani [The history of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani] (Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935), pp. 148–158.

24 Cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 98.

25 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 4, p. 23.

26 Mikhayil Mishaqa, Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 62.

Chapter 3

1 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 2.

2 Ibid., p. 13.

3 Ibid., p. 8.

4 Ibid., p. 51.

5 M. de Bourienne, Mйmoires sur Napolйon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1831), cited in ibid., p. 57, n. 63.

6 Philipp and Perlmann, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 56–57.

7 Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37. See also Darrell Dykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt,” in M. W. Daly, ed., The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138.

8 Philipp and Perlmann, ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 505–506.

9 Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179–180.

10 Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 72.

11 Ibid., p. 201. One purse equaled 500 piasters, and the exchange rate in the 1820s was approximately U.S. $1 = 12.6 piasters.

12 The account of the execution of the Wahhabi leadership was given by the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 155.

13 Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 92.

14 Mustafa Rashid Celebi Efendi, cited in ibid., p. 81.

15 Letter from Muhammad ‘Ali to his agent Najib Efendi dated October 6, 1827, translated by Fahmy in All the Pasha’s Men, pp. 59–60.

16 Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 chronicle, al-Jawab ’ala iqtirah al-ahbab [The response to the suggestion of the loved ones] was translated by Wheeler Thackston and published under the title Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 165–169.

17 Ibid., pp. 172–174.

18 Ibid., pp. 178–187.

19 Palmerston’s letter of July 20, 1838, cited in Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 238.

20 Mishaqa, Murder, Mayham, Pillage, and Plunder, p. 216.

21 London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 15–17 September 1840, reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 271–275.